Encyclopedia of Sport Management

Contents

Preface xxxi
Ableism 1
Kaja Poteko
Academic history of sport management 2
Alan S. Kornspan
Accreditation 5
Heather Alderman
Action Research 9
Robbie Matz
Activation 10
Jonathan J. Benedek
Active aging 12
Richard Keith Wright
Activism 14
Elizabeth A. Gregg
Adaptive sport 15
Joshua R. Pate
Advertising 17
Minkyo Lee
Aesthetics 19
Jhih-yin Diane Lee and Wen-hao
Winston Chou
Against modern football 21
Marko Mustapić
Ageism 22
Melissa James
Agency 22
Charles Mountifield and Stirling
Sharpe
Agenda setting 24
Evan Frederick
Agents 26
Charles Mountifield and Stirling
Sharpe
Aging and sport 28
Amy Chan Hyung Kim
AI bots 29
Katja Sonkeng and Ismail Asiimwe
Alternative sports 31
Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Amateur sport 32
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Amateur sport athlete development 33
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick
A. Reid
Ambush marketing 35
John Grady
Americans with Disabilities Act 37
Joshua R. Pate
Analytics 38
N. David Pifer
Anti-doping policies 41
Jonathan Ruwuya and Jules Woolf
Antitrust 43
Mark S. Nagel
Apologia 45
Kevin A. Stein and Matthew H. Barton
Applied research 47
Frauke Hachtmann
Arbitration 48
Michael Fraina
Artificial intelligence 50
Alex Sévigny and Mark Dottori
Artistic entertainment 52
Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James
J. Zhang
Associations 54
Alan S. Kornspan
Athleisure 56
Kristi Sweeney and Jason W. Lee
Athlete branding 57
Antonio S. Williams and Zack P.
Pedersen
Athlete development 59
Sarah Stokowski and Lisa M. Rubin
Athlete marketing 60
Muammer .ztu?rk
Athlete representation 61
Jörg Krieger
Athletic conferences 63
David Zinn
Athletic director 65
Eric Forsyth
Athletic leadership academies 66
Duane Aagaard
Atmospherics 68
Jason W. Lee
Attendance 70
Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer
Audience 72
Tang Tang
Autographs 74
Ray G. Schneider
Automated sports journalism 75
Jessica Kunert and Sam Duncan
Barriers 78
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick
A. Reid
Baseball management 79
Hayden Coombs and Reese McCulley
Basic research 81
Frauke Hachtmann
Basketball management 82
Chris Croft
Behavior 84
Matthew Charles Higgins
Behavioral finance 87
Arif Yu?ce
Benchmarking 88
James Moore
Betting 89
Arif Yu?ce
Bettor 92
Arif Yu?ce
Bias 93
Tomika Ferguson
Big Data 95
Sinhae Roh
BIRFing 96
Sean Pradhan
BIRGing 97
Hayden Coombs and Sean Pradhan
Blogging 99
Dustin Hahn
Body 101
Luca Bifulco
Boosters 102
Sandra Shawver
Bowl system 103
Annemarie Farrell and Rachel Madsen
Brand community 105
Henry Wear
Brand identity 107
Jason W. Lee
Brand marks 108
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Brand purpose 110
Timothy Robeers
Branded entertainment 111
Rebecca M. Achen
Branding 112
Jason W. Lee
Broadcasting 116
Valerie Bonnet
Business analytics 118
Andrea Wilk
Business plan 119
Robert Case
Business-to-business 120
Ashlee Morgan
Business-to-consumer 122
Marisa Sousa and Maria José
Carvalho
Campus recreation 124
Cara Lucia
Cannabis and sport 125
Tywan G. Martin and Mike James
Carbon footprint 127
Jamee A. Pelcher
Cartel 129
Hayden Coombs
Case study 131
Gashaw Abeza
Cause-related marketing 134
Keevan Statz
Celebrity 135
Timothy Robeers
Centrality 137
Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal
M. L. Altiner
Centralization 138
Valerio della Sala
Charity sporting events 140
Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun
(Ryan) Kim
Circular economy 141
Isabelle Dachs and Tim Breitbarth
Civic engagement 143
Alex Gang and Eunah Jo
Climate action 145
Tim Breitbarth and Hanno Martens
Climate change 147
Arif Yu?ce
Cloud computing 148
Philip F. Estes
Club system 150
Katja Sonkeng and Ismail Asiimwe
Clustering 152
Robert Zullo
Cognitive miser theory 153
Troy Carlton and Kirby D. Boehm
Collective bargaining agreement 155
Farah J. Ishaq and Wonock Chung
College athlete labor movement 157
Ellen J. Staurowsky
College recruiting 161
Chris Corr and Richard M. Southall
Collegiate sport governance 163
Brian Hofman
Commercialization 166
Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia
Zi?łkowska
Commissioner 167
Ryan Vooris
Commissions 169
Cheri L. Bradish
Communication 170
Damion Sturm and Trish Bradbury
Communication accommodation 172
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Communication privacy management 173
Heath Hooper and Michael A. Ross
Community interventions 175
LaShawn D. Nastvogel
Community relations 176
Brody J. Ruihley
Community sport management 177
Troy Carlton
Competencies 181
Trish Bradbury and Damion Sturm
Competitive balance 182
Bradley J. Baker
Competitive cheerleading management 184
Carolynn P. Hobbs
Compliance 185
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick
A. Reid
Computer programming language 187
Jerred Junqi Wang
Concessions 188
Mark A. Slavich
Conference office management 190
Tyler A. Williams and Beth A.
Cianfrone
Conference realignment 193
Rachel Madsen and Annemarie Farrell
Conferences 195
Stirling Sharpe
Consolidation 196
Lauren C. Anderson
Conspicuous consumption 198
Yong Wang and Luke L. Mao
Construct 200
Luke L. Mao
Consumer behavior 202
Kevin K. Byon
Content analysis 204
Laura M. Hatfield
Content marketing 206
Rebecca M. Achen
Contracts 207
Ted Curtis
Convergence 208
Sinhae Roh
Copyright 210
Ashlee Morgan
CORFing 211
Sean Pradhan and Hayden Coombs
Corporate communication 212
Karen L. Hartman
Corporate social responsibility 214
Ju Young Lee
Corruption 217
Eddie T. C. Lam
CORSing 220
Sean Pradhan
Creativity 221
Kasey Symons
Cricket management 222
Martin Barrett
Crisis communication 223
Frauke Hachtmann
Crisis management 225
Damion Sturm and Trish Bradbury
Critical race theory 227
Jonathan E. Howe
Critical theory 229
Shannon Jolly and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Crowd management 230
Wooyoung (William) Jang
Cultural awareness 232
Jaime Orejan
Cultural capital 234
Alex C. Gang and Jonathan Terrazas
Culture 235
Peyton Jo Stensland
Curriculum 236
Chad Witkemper
Curriculum mapping 238
Robert Case
Customer experience 239
Luke L. Mao and Sophia D. Min
Customer lifetime value 241
Sandra Shawver
Customer relationship management 242
Liam Murray
Customer relationship marketing 243
Jennifer Y. Mak
Customer services 245
Kevin P. Cattani
Data 248
Wanyong Choi
Data collection 249
Sangchul Park
Data management 251
Sachin Narayanan
Data science 253
Jerred Junqi Wang
Decentralization 254
Valerio Della Sala
Decision-making 255
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Decolonizing sport 257
Brandon C. Joseph and Alisse
Ali-Joseph
Deglobalization 259
Jung Woo Lee
Demographics 260
Eddie T. C. Lam
Descriptive research 262
Jeffrey P. Briggs
Design thinking 263
Greg Joachim
Deviance 265
Melissa James
Diffusion of innovations 265
Jung Woo Lee
Digital twin 267
Ekaterina Glebova
Digitization 269
Michael Anagnostou and
Andreas Oikonomou
Diplomacy 270
Brennan K. Berg
Disability in sport 273
Joshua R. Pate
Disc golf management 275
Kirby D. Boehm
Discrimination 277
Nicolas Delorme
Distant fans 278
Haozhou Pu
Diversification 280
Sascha L. Schmidt and Johannes
Fu?hner
Diversity 281
Cara Holdsclaw
Documentaries and films 283
Devin Anderson and Demetrius
Pearson
Doping 285
Byron O. Juma and Jules Woolf
Draft 288
Sean Seiler and Jepkorir Rose
Chepyator-Thomson
Drug testing 289
Jörg Krieger and April Henning
Ecology 291
Madeleine Orr
Economic damages 292
Ryan Brewer
Economic impact 294
Ryan Brewer
Economics 296
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Electronic gaming 297
David P. Hedlund
Emotional intelligence 299
Kevin P. Cattani
Employability 300
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad
Witkemper
Employment 302
Rennae Williams Stowe
Endorsement 303
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Entrepreneurship 305
Robert Case
Entry level 306
Joel Cormier
Equipment 308
Wonyul Bae
Equity 309
Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. Pe?a
Escalator concept 312
James Moore
Esports 312
David P. Hedlund
Esports betting 315
Wooyoung (William) Jang &
Kevin K. Byon
Esports marketing 318
Muammer .ztu?rk
Esports venues 319
Hu?seyin Çevik & James J. Zhang
Ethics 320
Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper
Ethics and mediatization 322
Tracie Edmondson
Ethnography 324
Hayden Coombs and Ondřej Hubka
Event experience 326
Mark A. Slavich
Event impacts 328
Luke Potwarka and Adam Pappas
Event management 330
Luke Mashburn
Event marketing 335
Luiza Ossowska and Dorota
Janiszewska
Event negotiations 336
Lance C. Hatfield
Executive positions 338
Petros Vourvachis and Michael
Anagnostou
Exercising sovereignty 341
Alisse Ali-Joseph and Natalie M.
Welch
Experience quality 343
Hu?seyin Çevik and James J. Zhang
Experiential learning 344
Juha Yoon and Cassandra Coble
Experimental research 345
Sean Pradhan
Explanatory research 347
Arif Yu?ce
Exploratory research 348
John Hie
Extreme sports 350
Rocco P. Porreca
Eye tracking 352
Arif Yu?ce
Facility management 354
Luke Mashburn
Fair play 357
Ashley Ryder
Faith and sport 359
Hope Grame-Zeller and Janette
Watkins
Family and sport 360
Hope Grame-Zeller
Fan activism 362
Alex C. Gang and Juho Park
Fan avidity 364
Cheri L. Bradish
Fan identification 364
Ilan Tamir
Fanship 366
Dustin Hahn
Fantasy sports 368
Braden Norris
Fashion 370
Wonyul Bae
Festival and event impact 371
Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and Ewa
Malchrowicz-Mośko
Fiction 372
Kasey Symons
Finance 373
Dylan Williams
Fitness management 378
Tyler Ratts and Anne L. DeMartini
Flutie effect 380
Farah J. Ishaq
Focus groups 381
Myia Graves and Ashley Bowers
FOMO 383
Braden Bagley and Hayden Coombs
Football management 384
Caleb Kavanaugh
For-profit sport 387
John Hie and Argyro Elisavet Manoli
Foreign players 389
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick
A. Reid
Framing 390
Evan Frederick
Franchise 392
Qingru Xu
Free agency 394
Ted Curtis
Fútbol management 395
Alex J. Ko & Minkyo Lee
Gambling prevention 397
Braden Norris & Arif Yu?ce
Game theory 398
Bradley J. Baker
Gamespersonship 399
Ashley Ryder
Gatekeeping 401
Yavuz Demir
Gender 402
Lucie Schoch
Gender bias 403
Esther Akinniyi and Alex C. Gang
Gender equality 405
Lucie Schoch
Gender imprinting 406
Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick
A. Reid
Gender quotas 407
Lucie Schoch
Gender-based violence 409
Shannon Jolly
Gendered racism 410
Tomika Ferguson and Krystal E.
Andrews
Generative AI 411
Philip F. Estes
Geography 413
Gidon Jakar
Global south 414
Wonock Chung
Globalization 414
Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. Pe?a
Glocalization 416
John Harris
Goal setting 418
Jonathan J. Benedek and Tyler Ratts
Golf management 420
Tim Breitbarth and Geoff Dickson
Golf spectatorship 421
Yasuhiro Watanabe
Governance 422
Eddie T. C. Lam
Grassroots 426
Stirling Sharpe and Charles
Mountifield
Green buildings 427
Jamee A. Pelcher
Greenwashing 429
Ekaterina Glebova
Grounded theory 431
Frauke Hachtmann
Groupthink 433
Sabrina Reed and Hailey Daehnke
Growth hacking 434
Jan Boehmer
Guest service 436
Lance C. Hatfield
Gymnastics management 438
Carolynn P. Hobbs
Hall of fame 440
Wen-hao Winston Chou
Hallmark sports events 442
Richard Keith Wright
Harassment 444
Yavuz Demir
Hazing 445
Tyler Ratts and Brian Crow
Health communication 447
Braden Bagley and Hayden Coombs
Hegemony 448
Luca Bifulco
Hidden disability 450
Winston Kennedy
High impact practices 452
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Historically black colleges and
universities 453
Lawrence Julius Hanks II
History of sport management 455
Alan S. Kornspan
Hockey management 458
Joel Cormier
Hospitality 460
Luiza Ossowska and Dorota
Janiszewska
Human-centered design 461
David Pierce and Erica Shonkwiler
Human resource management 463
Stirling Sharpe and Charles
Mountifield
Human rights 465
Alex C. Gang and Colton T. Ames
Identity threat and coping 468
Yong Wang and Luke L. Mao
Idioms 469
Michał Mazurkiewicz
Image 471
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Immersive experience 472
Arif Yu?ce and Volkan Aydo?du
Immersive video 474
Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and
Thomas Horky
Immigration 476
Mahdi Latififard
Inclusivity 477
Cara Holdsclaw
Indigenous sport 479
Natalie M. Welch and Alisse
Ali-Joseph
Industry 481
Julia Zi?łkowska and Tomasz
Taraszkiewicz
Influencer marketing 483
Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove
Informatics 484
Hallie Murray
Information and communication
technology 486
Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo Yang
Information management 488
Heather Kennedy
Infrastructure 489
Julia Zi?łkowska and Tomasz
Taraszkiewicz
Innovation 491
Natalie L. Smith
Institutional logic 492
Crystal Southall and Richard M.
Southall
Institutional theory 494
Crystal Southall and Richard M.
Southall
Institutional work 495
Chris Corr and Richard M. Southall
Integrated marketing communication 496
Jan Boehmer
Intellectual property 498
Katie M. Brown and Zack P. Pedersen
Intercollegiate athletics 500
Kathryn Shea
Interdisciplinary 503
Heather Kennedy
International news coverage 504
Simon Ličen
International sport management 505
Minseok Cho and Wonyul Bae
International student-athletes 507
Hayden Coombs and Skyler Coombs
International volunteerism 509
Randall Griffiths
Internships 510
Jonathan J. Benedek
Interpersonal skills 512
Hamid Ghasemi and Braden Norris
Interscholastic athletics 514
Scott Grant
Intersectionality 516
Kasey Symons
Interviewing 518
Yair Galily
Job satisfaction 520
Lance C. Hatfield
Jock tax 521
Dylan Williams
Journalism 522
Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe Nieland
Journals 524
Kihan Kim
Kayfabe 527
Bill Kershisnik and Hayden Coombs
Key performance indicators 529
Martin Barrett
Knowledge 530
Gregg Rich
Labor management 532
Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal
M. L. Altiner
Labor markets 533
Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal
M. L. Altiner
Language competence 535
Jaime Orejan
Law 536
Mark Dodds and Barbara Osborne
Leader-member exchange theory 540
Gregory A. Cranmer
Leadership 541
Ana Roman Dominguez and
Elizabeth A. Gregg
Leagues 543
James Moore
Learning 544
Johnny Capra
Legacy 546
Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko and
Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
Legitimacy 547
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Leisure behavior 549
Wonock Chung and Farah J. Ishaq
LGBTQ 551
Melissa James
Licensing 552
Jonathan J. Benedek
Lifelong sport 553
Yasuhiro Watanabe and James
J. Zhang
Lifestyle brand 554
Jason W. Lee
Lifestyle sports 556
Marika Cappetta and Luca Bifulco
Literature 558
Kasey Symons
Load management 559
Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir
Rose Chepyator-Thomson
Logistics 561
Tim Breitbarth and David M. Herold
Logos 563
Zack P. Pedersen
Loyalty 564
Bradley J. Baker
Luxury boxes and suites 566
Craig Morehead and Chad Witkemper
Luxury tax 567
Duane Aagaard
Machine learning 570
Lee Allison and James Robert Blair III
Management 571
Jason L. Perry
Management by objectives 573
Dean A. Brand
Management information systems 574
Jan Boehmer
Market research 576
Jan Boehmer
Market value 577
Jillian McNiff Villemaire and
Blen Solomon
Marketing 579
Sanghak Lee
Marketing mix 582
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Martial arts management 583
John R. Malmo
Mascots 585
Michał Mazurkiewicz
Match manipulation 587
Argyro Elisavet Manoli
Match officials 589
Stirling Sharpe
Media 591
Matthew Zimmerman
Media company 593
Alessandro Formisano and
Giancarlo Panico
Media relations 594
Argyro Elisavet Manoli
Media rights 596
Ryan Vooris
Media stress 597
Elsa Kristiansen
Media technology 598
Sanghyeon Kim and Adam Karg
Mediated sports consumption 600
Luke L. Mao and Min Jung Kim
Mediation 602
Sangchul Park and Sanghoon Kim
Mediatization 603
Tracie Edmondson
Mega sporting events 605
Juha Yoon
Memorabilia 607
Ray G. Schneider
Mental health 608
Heath Hooper and Michael A. Ross
Mentoring 611
Hailey Daehnke and Sabrina Reed
Merchandise and apparel 612
Yoon Heo and Sung Wook Son
Metaverse 614
Sam S. Chen and James J. Zhang
Micro-betting 616
Braden Norris
Middle management 617
Stephanie M. Vlach
Migration 618
B. Nalani Butler
Ministry and sport 620
Hope Grame-Zeller and Janette
Watkins
Mixed methods 621
Gashaw Abeza
Mobile commerce 624
Liang Xiao
Moderated mediation 626
Sangchul Park and Sanghoon Kim
Moderation 627
Sangchul Park and Sanghoon Kim
Motivation 629
Tyler A. Williams and Beth A.
Cianfrone
Motorsport management 631
Clay E. Harshaw
Movement for life 635
LaShawn D. Nastvogel
Multi-club ownership 636
Julian Hadwiger and Sascha L.
Schmidt
Name, image, and likeness 639
Dominique C. Kropp
Naming rights 641
Wen-hao Winston Chou
Nationalism 643
Anthony J. Weems
Negligence 645
Thomas J. Orr
Neoliberalism 646
Jung Woo Lee
Netnography 647
Yiran Su
Networking 649
Brian Pruegger
Networks 651
Kevin Hull
Niche sports 652
Kateřina Turkov?
NIL collectives 653
Kelly J. Brummett and Antonio
S. Williams
NIL in interscholastic athletics 655
Scott Grant
No-shows 657
Dominik Schreyer
Non-fungible tokens 659
Bradley J. Baker
Nonprofit sport 661
Kelsey Slater
Nostalgia 662
Mark A. Slavich
Observation 665
Mark D. Orlando
Online communication networks 667
Juha Yoon
Online sports betting 668
Hyunseok Song and Kevin K. Byon
Online survey panel services 670
Kevin K. Byon and Junwoo Choi
Optimization 671
Heather Kennedy
Organizational behavior 672
Cassandra Coble
Organizational justice 676
Claudia Benavides-Espinoza and
Amanda Wheeler Gryffin
Organizational networks 678
Hagen Wäsche
Organizational policy 680
Vandy Pacetti-Donelson
Organizational socialization 681
Gregory A. Cranmer
Organizational structure 683
Zachary Evans
Organization theory 685
Ary Jose Rocco Junior
Outsourcing 686
Ashley Bowers
Owned media 687
Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe Nieland
Ownership 688
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Pandemic 691
Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke
Para sports management 692
Veronika Mackov?
Paralipsis 694
Hayden Coombs and Matthew H.
Barton
Parasocial 696
Bradley J. Baker
Parenting and sport 698
Hope Grame-Zeller
Partial least squares sem 699
Kevin K. Byon & Wooyoung
(William) Jang
Participative pricing 702
James Robert Blair III and Lee Allison
Participatory sport events 705
Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang
Pedagogy 706
Chad Witkemper
Peer mentoring 708
Ammon Harris and Hayden Coombs
Peer review 709
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Performance analytics 711
Andrea Wilk
Performance appraisal 712
Tyler Ratts
Performance management 714
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad
Witkemper
Performing sport politics 715
Trygve B. Broch
Personal branding 717
Christie M. Kleinmann
Personnel management 718
Taylor M. Hanson
Phenomenology 720
Robbie Matz
Philanthropy 721
Elisabeth A. Erickson
Philosophy 723
Rocco P. Porreca
Phygital marketing 725
Volkan Aydo?du & Arif Yu?ce
Pickleball management 726
Jason W. Lee
Podcasts 727
Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek
Policy 729
Brennan K. Berg
Politics 732
Anthony Weems
Positions 733
Jillian McNiff Villemaire
Positive psychology 734
Angela Robles and Rhea Owens
Post-qualitative inquiry 735
Sean Seiler
Premium seating 737
K.C. Mayer and Olzhas Taniyev
Presentation 738
Zesheng Yang
Pricing 740
Jennifer Y. Mak
Privacy 742
Heath Hooper
Private equity investment 742
Kristi Sweeney
Privilege 743
Hayden Coombs and Khirey Walker
Problem betting 746
Arif Yu?ce and Braden Norris
Product 748
Arif Yu?ce
Professional sport 749
Kristi Sweeney
Professional wrestling management 751
Bill Kershisnik and Hayden Coombs
Program management 753
Jill Sharp and Ashley Bowers
Promotion and relegation 755
Chris Hanna
Promotion mix 757
Eddie T. C. Lam
Promotions 758
Jonathan J. Benedek
Property 760
Gregg Rich
Psychographics 762
Beth A. Cianfrone
Psychology 763
Angela Robles and Rhea Owens
Public health and sport 765
Amy Chan Hyung Kim
Public relations 766
Brody J. Ruihley
Public service 768
Sinhae Roh
Public sphere 769
Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke
Public?private partnership 770
Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia
Zi?łkowska
Qualitative research 774
Robbie Matz
Quantitative research 775
Tang Tang
Racism 778
Cara Holdsclaw
Radio 779
Hans C. Schmidt
Rapid growth sports 781
Stavros Triantafyllidis
Real estate development 783
Judith Grant Long
Recreation management 785
Martin Barrett
Recruiting 786
Karlee A. Posteher
Referee management 788
Jacob K. Tingle
Referee training and development 791
Ian Cunningham & Géraldine
Rix-Li?vre
Reflexivity 794
Michael J. Mignano
Refugee 796
Mahdi Latififard
Relationship marketing 797
Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw Abeza
Religion 799
Michał Mazurkiewicz
Reputation management 801
Damion Sturm and Trish Bradbury
Research methods 803
Gashaw Abeza
Retail 806
Luke L. Mao
Return on investment 808
Natalie Bunch and Beth A. Cianfrone
Revenue sharing 810
Ryan Spalding
Risk assessment 811
Stacey A. Hall
Risk management 812
Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper
Risks in sport 814
Victor V. Timchenko
Ritual 815
Michał Mazurkiewicz
Rodeo management 817
Jason W. Lee
Rooney rule 818
Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal
M. L. Altiner
Safe sport 820
Emma Kavanagh and Payam Ansari
Safeguarding 821
Carole Gomez and Lucie Schoch
Salary caps 823
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Sales 824
Alex Stoikos and Olan Kees
Martin Scott
Sales promotions 825
Martin Barrett
Sanctioning 826
Meungguk Park
Scale development 827
Kevin K. Byon
Scale validation 829
Eddie T. C. Lam
Schadenfreude 831
Troy Carlton and Kyle Holmes
Scouting 833
David Zinn
Search engine 834
Rebecca M. Achen
Search firms 835
Chris Croft
Second screen 836
Arif Yu?ce
Security 837
Karla F. Jones
Security management 839
Janet M. Howes and Tyler Ratts
Segmentation 841
Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S.
Williams
Self-categorization theory 842
Hongyoung Kim and Luke L. Mao
Self-determination theory 844
Hongyoung Kim & Luke L. Mao
Self-presentation 846
Bo Li
Semiotics 848
Jung Woo Lee
Senior woman administrator 849
Tomika Ferguson
Sense of place 851
Jason W. Lee
Sentiment analysis 853
Benqiao (Stella) Jiang and Kevin
K. Byon
Serious leisure 854
Richard Keith Wright
Service 856
Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James
J. Zhang
Service-learning 858
Christina M. Gipson
Service quality 859
Jennifer Y. Mak
Sexism 861
Cara Lucia
Sexual abuse 862
Brian Hofman
Sexual harassment 863
Brian Hofman
Sexual orientation 865
Anna Baeth
Signage 867
Jillian McNiff Villemaire
Significant others and sport 868
Hope Grame-Zeller
Simulators 869
Wonyul Bae
Sleep and the circadian rhythm 871
Sean Pradhan
Social capital 872
Alex C. Gang and Eunah Jo
Social class 874
Luca Bifulco
Social cognitive theory 875
Keri Larsen and Ashley Bowers
Social identity complexity 877
Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley
Social identity theory 878
Jackson Sears and Beth A. Cianfrone
Social justice 880
Vincent C. Pe?a and Patrick Crowe
Social learning theory 883
Chenelle Kruger Goyen and
Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson
Social media 884
Jimmy Sanderson
Social media journalism 888
Yavuz Demir
Social media sport management 889
Kateřina Turkov?
Social network analysis 890
Hagen Wäsche
Socialization 892
Lucie Schoch
Sociology 894
Elisabeth Erickson
Soft power 897
Alex C. Gang and Colton T. Ames
Software and mobile applications 899
Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang
Specialization 902
Ashley Ryder
Spectacle 903
Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke
Spectator 904
Dustin Hahn
Spectator literacy 905
Kyungun (Ryan) Kim and
Woo-Young Lee
Sponsorship 906
T. Bettina Cornwell
Sponsorship evaluation 908
Norm O?Reilly
Sport development 910
Wonock Chung and Farah J. Ishaq
Sport for development 911
Wonock Chung and Farah J. Ishaq
Sporting goods 913
LaShawn D. Nastvogel
Sports information 914
Kyungun (Ryan) Kim &
Woo-Young Lee
Sportscape 916
Jason W. Lee
Sportswashing 918
Anneliese Goslin and Darlene A. Kluka
Stacking 921
Steven J. Jackson
Stadium operations 923
Luke Mashburn
Stakeholder 924
Giancarlo Panico
Stakeholder theory 926
Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek
Statistics 928
Dustin Hahn
Storytelling 929
Tim Breitbarth and Sam Duncan
Strategic communication 931
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Strategic management 933
Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal
M. L. Altiner
Strategic marketing 936
Jonathan J. Benedek
Strategic sport communication model 938
Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny
Streaming 939
Sarah Wymer
Stress management 941
Melissa James
Structural equation modeling 942
Kevin K. Byon
Student-athlete 944
Karlee A. Posteher
Superstition 945
Arif Yu?ce
Supply chain management 947
David M. Herold and Tim Breitbarth
Supporters club 948
Sandra Shawver
Survey research 949
Sangchul Park
Sustainability 950
Stavros Triantafyllidis
Sustainability marketing 953
Muammer .ztu?rk
Sustainable certification 955
Jamee A. Pelcher
Sustainable stadiums 956
Arif Yu?ce
Swimming management 959
Marisa Sousa and Maria José
Carvalho
SWOT analysis 961
Trish Bradbury and Damion Sturm
Tailgating 963
Andy Gillentine and Grace K. Davie
Talent acquisition 964
Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and
Oladele Isiaka Oladipo
Talent evaluation 965
Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and
Oladele Isiaka Oladipo
Tanking 966
Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir
Rose Chepyator-Thomson
Target market 968
Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun
(Ryan) Kim
Tax-free college sports 969
Dylan Williams
Team identity 971
Henry Wear
Technology 972
Cheri L. Bradish
Technology adoption 973
Armin Marquez
Tennis management 975
Kelsey Slater
Ticket markets 976
Olzhas Taniyev and Kurt C. Mayer
Ticketing 978
Emily M. Newell
Tipster 980
Arif Yu?ce
Title IX 981
Brian Hofman
Torts 984
Ted Curtis
Tourism 985
Kelsey Slater
Tournament format 986
Eddie T. C. Lam
Track and field management 988
Lawrence W. Judge
Trade publications 990
Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad
Witkemper
Trademark 991
Chris Hanna
Tragedy 992
Brian Hofman
Training 994
Johnny Capra
Transdisciplinary research 996
James Du
Transfer portal 998
Jimmy Sanderson
Transgender participation 1000
Charles Mountifield
Triple bottom line 1001
Ioannis Konstantopoulos and
Argyro Elisavet Manoli
Upper management 1004
César García Mu?oz
Upsets 1005
Ray G. Schneider and Brian M.
Campbell
Urbanism 1006
Valerio della Sala
Uses and gratifications 1008
Bo Li and Warwick Reider
Valuation 1011
Ryan Brewer
Video games 1013
Kwangho Park and Ju Young Lee
Violence 1014
Dustin Hahn
Virtual advertising 1015
Arif Yu?ce
Virtual collaboration software 1017
Hallie Murray
Virtual reality 1019
Bradley J. Baker
Vision 1021
Michael Baptiste
Volleyball management 1022
Frederick L. Battenfield
Volunteer management 1025
Randall Griffiths
Volunteer motivation 1027
Stirling Sharpe and Charles
Mountifield
Wearable technologies and analytics 1030
Lauren Burch
Websites 1031
Katja Sonkeng and Ismail Asiimwe
Women and sport 1033
Darlene A. Kluka & Anneliese Goslin
Word of mouth 1037
Jinwook (Jason) Chung
XReality 1040
Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and
Thomas Horky
Youth sport development 1043
Jeffrey R. Farr
Youth sport management 1044
Troy Carlton
Youth sport pedagogy 1049
Hope Grame-Zeller and Janette
Watkins
Zero sum 1051
Joshua Dickhaus
Zero tolerance 1052
Petros Vourvachis