Plant Electrochemistry

1. Overview 1.1 Historical Perspective 1.2 Vegetal Electrochemistry 1.3 Plants in Electrochemistry 1.4 Electrochemical Methods 1.4.1 General Aspects 2 Electrophysiology I 2.1 Several General Considerations on Plant Physiology 2.2 Transport Through Cell Membranes 2.3 Transmembrane Potentials and Ion Fluxes 2.4 Ion Channels 2.5 Electrogenic Transport 2.6 Approach to Enzyme Electrochemistry 2.7 Concluding Remarks 3 Electrophysiology II 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Local Electrical Potentials 3.3 Action Potentials 3.4 Variation Potentials 3.5 System Potentials 3.6 Signaling 3.7 Plant Communication 3.8 Electromagnetic Fields 3.9 Environmental Applications 3.10 Concluding Remarks 4 Electrochemistry of Plants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Thermochemical Aspects, Reversibility 4.3 Mechanistic Considerations 4.4 Solid-State Electrochemistry 4.5 In Situ Electrochemistry 4.6 Biofilms and Organelles 5 Electrochemistry of Vegetal Components I 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Phenolic Compounds 5.3 Quinones 5.4 Lignins, Lignans, and Tannins 5.5 Stilbenes Curcuminoids, Chalcones, Essential Oils, and Others 5.6 Ascorbic Acid 5.7 Carotenoids 5.8 Tocopherols, Calciferols, and Retinol 6 Electrochemistry of Vegetal Components II 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Amines 6.3 Indolic Compounds 6.4 Pyridines and Quinolines 6.5 Hydrogen Transfer Coenzymes 6.6 Nucleic Acids 6.7 Adenosine Phosphates 6.8 Aminoacids 7 Antioxidant Capacity 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Chemical and Electrochemical Assays 7.3 Methods Based on the Direct Measurement of Oxidation Potentials 7.4 Methods Based on the Reaction with Oxidants 7.5 Methods Based on the Reaction with Radical Scavengers 7.6 Methods Based on the Interaction with ROS 7.7 Individual Antioxidant Components of Plants 8 Electrochemistry of Proteins, Enzymes, and Photosynthesis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Electrochemistry of Proteins 8.3 Electrochemistry of Enzymes 8.4 Electrochemistry of Chlorophylls 8.5 Natural Electron Transport in Thylakoid Membran 9 Electrochemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Role of ROS in Plant Biology 9.3 Oxygen Electrochemistry 9.4 Electrochemical Generation of ROS 9.5 Interaction of ROS with Plant Components 9.6 ROS Electrochemistry in Plants 9.7 Electrochemistry of RNS 10 Electrochemical Analysis of Biochemical Processes in Plants 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Oxygen Generation at Chloroplasts 10.3 Kinetic Analysis of ROS Generation/Reaction10.4 Reaction Kinetics with Electrogenerated ROS 10.5 Dynamic Pathway of Plant Compounds 10.6 Predation and Plant Communication 10.7 Intersecting Electrochemistry and Plant Science 11 Electrochemotaxonomy and Phylogenetics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Electrochemical Taxonomy 11.3 Adaptive Mechanisms 11.4 Phylogenetic Aspects 11.5 Signaling Pathways and Phylogenetics 12 Nanoscale Plant Electrochemistry 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Electrochemistry of Cell Suspensions 12.3 Electrochemistry of Immobilized Cells 12.4 Electrochemical Imaging of Cells 12.5 Intracellular Electrochemistry 12.6 Single-Entity Electrochemistry 13 Electroanalysis of Plants/Plants in Electroanalysis 13.1 Overview 13.2 Electocatalysis 13.3 Detection of Individual Plant Components 13.4 In Situ Detection of Biomarkers of Plant Health and Stress 13.5 Detection of Contaminants, Pollutants, and Adulterations 13.6 Solid-State Techniques 13.7 Plants in Electroanalysis 13.8 Chirality14 Vegetal Matter in Energy Production and Storage 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Enzymatic Fuel Cells 14.3 Microbial Fuel Cells 14.4 Plant Fuel Cells 14.5 Extracellular Electron Transfer 14.6 Electrical Energy Storage (and Production) 14.7 Wearable Systems and Other Developments 15 Plants and Environment 15.1 General Aspects 15.2 Microbiologically Influenced Metal Corrosion 15.3 Biofilm Formation 15.4 Mechanisms of Bacterial-Influenced Corrosion 15.5 Electrochemical Monitoring of MIC 15.6 Other Biodeterioration Processes 15.7 Biofilm Corrosion Inhibition 15.8 Electrochemical Degradation of Pollutants 15.9 Biomass Valorization